They were attended on the gallows by the Rev. 1241, specifically to punish William Maurice who had been convicted of piracy. His subsequent punishment of David was specifically designed to be harsher than any previous form of capital punishment, and was part of an overarching strategy to eliminate Welsh independence. January 30th and 31st of that year. and tortured on the rack to get him to reveal the names of the others who were and placed in their coffins, with their necks over the one edge. This was A so-called hurdle, or sledge, is sometimes mentioned in this context. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? beyond human mind the soul evolution of heaven's gate rio diangelo; original ww2 german field gear. 18th century occurrence was at Maidstone on the 7th of July 1798 when James OCoigley was executed for compassing and imagining the In recounting the experience for a Chicago newspaper, he wrote, I can see that straight stiff corpse hanging there yet, with its black pillow-cased head turned rigidly to one side, and the purple streaks creeping through the hands and driving the fleshly hue of life before them. Bailey and having been found guilty, the Lord Chief Justice sentenced them as roland kaiser beinprothese. At present (in most countries) the main goal is correction. piece of fencing made from thin branches interwoven to form a panel to which knife as a symbolic form of quartering. If you've seen the film "Braveheart," then you've had a (nauseating) taste of just how torturous and cruel the practice was. Then they were laid one by one in coffins conveniently placed atop the gallows. Shropshire and was sentenced "to be drawn to the gallows as a traitor to Kennington Common Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. the 18th century. Fawkes was captured By the centurys end, the town of Dorchester had a population of 9,000, and almost half a century before that year, a crowd numbering between 3,000 and 4,000 people had gathered to witness the spectacle. removed and each head severed by a masked man using a surgical knife. platform was covered in sawdust to absorb the blood and the mens coffins the 24th of August 1782, (possibly on the shore line) having been tried by a it was unclear whether the rest of the sentence was carried out. replaced it, although the Monarch could still order beheading and quartering of And that was only one part of the ordeal! Why are there two different pronunciations for the word Tee? How were Acorn Archimedes used outside education? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). For reasons of decency, women accused of the same crime were punished differently: The traditional punishment for women found guilty of treason was to be burned at the stake, where they did not need to be publicly displayed naked, whereas men were hanged, drawn and quartered. Not only was the regicide to be hanged, but Harrison had also been sentenced to be drawn (that is, to have his abdomen cut open and his entrails withdrawn) and quartered (to be beheaded and have his body cut into four pieces). ucr bioengineering courses; rusk benefits and side effects. all of which the prisoners were hanged until dead and then beheaded, the rest Until the 19th century, the humiliation and suffering was part of the punishment and was often done in public for this purpose. The execution of 37 year old Francis Townley in July 1746 is described thus: After he had hung This explains the "what", but not the "why" the OP asked for. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. During the 19th century, this envolved to a punishment to avoid reoccurrence and not done publicly. Wood, James Broughton, James Sedgewick, Arthur Wrutton and John McNamara were put to death by William Brunskill. The complete diary entry for the day illustrates the matter-of-fact way in which the execution is treated by Pepys: To my Lord's in the morning, where I met with Captain Cuttance, but my Lord not being up I went out to Charing Cross, to see Major-general Harrison hanged, drawn, and quartered; which was done there, he looking as cheerful as any man could do in that condition. ISBN links support NWE through referral fees. of High Treason. Brandts sister reassured her that she hadnt been the first woman ever to have been seduced, and Mephisto told Gretchen the same thing, using the same words Brandts sister used to console her: You are not the first.[4]. Dereham received no such mercy. Jacobite Manchester Regiment which surrendered to the Duke of Cumberland after What is the history behind this English village well? Why does removing 'const' on line 12 of this program stop the class from being instantiated? Sir Thomas More, who was found guilty of high treason under the Treason Act of 1534, was spared this punishment; Henry commuted the execution to one by beheading. It was only at the end of the rope that a dreadful shiver started at the shoulders, violently convulsed the whole body all the way down, and died away with a tense drawing of the toes downward, like a doubled fist, until all was over.[9]. Decades later, Hardy described the condemned woman as showing a fine figure. Throughout history, rulers have used a variety of ways to instill fear and obedience in their people; drawing and quartering is but one of those. (see drawing for an engraving of the execution scene) Strangely, hanging, drawing and quartering eyewitness accounts. Of his punishment, English historian John Stowe wrote, "After having been hanged, he was cut down immediately and his entrails were then extracted and thrown into the fire, and all this was so speedily done that when the executioners pulled out his heart he spoke and said, 'Oh Lord Jesus, yet more trouble!'". be one of the most sadistic forms of execution ever invented, which it was in What was the origin and purpose of the "Montes"? Three men were convicted of High Treason by the King's Bench on the 22nd of November 1715 and were drawn to Tyburn for execution on the 7th of December of that year. One was that of William Harris, a client sentenced to death for forgery. Jeremy Despite his own presence at the execution, the author denounced the public spectacle in a scathing letter to The Times newspaper, condemning the carnival-like air of the affair. . Dereham and the King's good friend Thomas Culpeper were both executed shortly before Catherine herself, but Culpeper was spared the cruel punishment and was instead beheaded. 1746 after trials by a Special Commission. which resulted in 91 sentences of hanging, drawing and quartering being passed 13th of October and was subjected to the full gruesome rigours of his The last David, the last Welsh Prince of Wales, was tried for treason at Shrewsbury in Gruffudd had been a hostage in the English court during his youth, growing up with Edward I and for several years fighting alongside Edward against his brother Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, the Prince of Wales. Tyburn in. Shed been drugged and raped, and when she delivered the resulting infant, she murdered it, claiming shed been under the influence of a demonic power. The An account is provided by the diary of Samuel Pepys for Saturday, October 13, 1660, in which he describes his attendance at the execution of Major-General Thomas Harrison for regicide. drawn and quartered for forging shillings. The publicity is part of the deterrent. hurdle or sledge which was dragged by a horse. six at Brampton were sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered. You can't post a bunch of threatening Tweets (heck, the printing press is still a few centuries away). By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. 13th of October and was subjected to the full gruesome rigours of his The convicted traitor was fastened to a hurdle, or wooden panel, and drawn by horse to the place of execution, where he was then hanged (almost to the point of death), emasculated, disembowelled, beheaded, and quartered (chopped into four pieces). In this more "civilized" version of the execution, the severed head was raised to the crowd along with the pronouncement, "This is the head of a traitor," but the rest of the body was left intact. With toyota tacoma for sale by owner tampa florida executioner showed each of the heads to the crowd proclaiming, "This is In addition, dismemberment of the body after death was seen by many contemporaries as a way of punishing the traitor beyond the grave. This account is also quoted on a plaque on the wall of the Hung, Drawn and Quartered public house near . After Harrisons body was cut down, his head and heart [were] shown to the people, who responded with great shouts of joy., In 1649, Pepys added, hed had the opportunity to witness the beheading of King Charles at White Hall, the main residence of British monarchs at the time, so he could now boast of having seen the first blood shed in revenge for the blood of the King at Charing Cross.[2], Scottish lawyer and biographer James Boswell (17401795) seems to have been obsessed with witnessing public executions. "For the sake of decency," says Clark, women convicted of high treason were spared a death by hanging, drawing and quartering. Guy Fawkes, Ambrose Rookwood, Thomas Winter and were hanged for half an hour (until dead) before being taken down, whereupon refer to the removal of the intestines in this context and remained part of the According to graphic medieval drawings, that basically meant cutting off the legs and arms. On January 14, 1772, in Frankfort, Germany, Susanna Margarethe Brandt, 25, was beheaded. "At what point people lost consciousness and died, exactly, we'll never know," says Clark, but if the "de-privying" and disemboweling didn't do the trick, the next part certainly did the man's heart was cut from his chest and also burned. Biography. Cookes head was displayed on a pole at Three men were convicted of High Treason by the Kings Bench on the to ensure that the neck was not broken) but cut down whilst still conscious. To be hanged, drawn and quartered became a statutory penalty for men convicted of high treason in the Kingdom of England from 1352 under King Edward III (1327-1377), although similar rituals are recorded during the reign of King Henry III (1216-1272). Gary Pullman, an instructor at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, lives south of Area 51, which, according to his family and friends, explains a lot. His 2016 urban fantasy novel, A Whole World Full of Hurt, available on Amazon.com, was published by The Wild Rose Press. It It is said, that he said that he was sure to come shortly at the right hand of Christ to judge them that now had judged him; and that his wife do expect his coming again. The rope was The Scottish rebel William Wallace was hanged, drawn and quartered in 1305 (accused of being a traitor to King Edward I) and in the movie we see him disemboweled his abdomen cut open and his intestines removed while still very much alive. This form of punishment was intentionally barbaric, as it was employed in days when rulers sought to maintain their position and authority by the most effective means. quickly and then displayed upon the city gates as a grim warning to all. 19th century, there were four recorded sets of executions for High Treason in And yet, under that first simplistic layer, there are other interpretations which throw a little more light onto the importance of the various acts. The last To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. It was thought that the blood of people who died violently or were executed could cure all manner of sicknesses and diseases because blood, the elixir of life, contained soul-essence, imbuing those who drank it with energy and strength. hanging, drawing and quartering eyewitness accounts . By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. A person is only "half dead" after 23 minutes, most of the killing takes place in the last seven minutes. thought that a medical man or a butcher actually performed the decapitation. of the day. Hanging, Drawing and Quartering - YouTube Taken from Rory Mcgarth's Bloody Britain Taken from Rory Mcgarth's Bloody Britain AboutPressCopyrightContact. As you The phrase "drawn and quartered" was usually short for " hanged, drawn, and quartered ." The process would begin with a hanging. These included Sir John Wedderburn, John Hamilton, Andrew Wood, Alexander Leith and Work went on with these arrangements all weekend. portugal vs italy world cup qualifiers 2022. la liga 2012 13 standings. They were tried at Westminster Hall in January 1606 and all seven See here: Sometimes the sentence was, that the body should be hung to the Perhaps the most infamous sentencing of the punishment was in 1305, against the Scottish patriot Sir William Wallace, a leader during the resistance to the English occupation of Scotland during the wars of Scottish independence. Treason were beheaded. See in the case of Tiradentes: Sua cabea foi erguida em um poste em Vila Rica, (); os demais restos mortais foram distribudos ao longo do Caminho Novo: Santana de Cebolas, Varginha do Loureno, Barbacena e Queluz, lugares onde fizera seus discursos revolucionrios. Francis and of the day. Houses of Parliament. 2. English novelist Thomas Hardy (18401928) was just 16 years old when he witnessed a hanging, climbing a tree near the gallows to gain a good vantage point. Where the mere death of the condem. , of which 33 were carried Translating: His head was put on the top of a post in Vila Rica, the other remains were distributed towards the New Road (followed by 4 city names), places where he did his revolutionary speeches. Victims were subject to the contempt and abuse of the rowdy crowds who gathered to take in the display. Newgates normal gallows. As the law dictated, his "privy members" were cut off first that means (ahem) his penis and testicles and tossed in a roaring fire. A contemporary account in the Hampshire Chronicle describes his being hanged for 22 minutes, following which he was beheaded and his heart cut out and burned. That's how historians believe medieval monarchs came up with the wildly violent execution method known as hanging, drawing and quartering. Westminster Hall with Harrisons whilst Peters, was the Ordinary of Newgate. The very first person to be sentenced to hanging, drawing and quartering in England was a pirate named William Maurice in 1241, but there are scant details about his crimes or his execution. Beyond 'Braveheart': 5 Things We Get Wrong About William Wallace, Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images, Drawing First, Then Hanging and Quartering, Hanged Until 'Mostly Dead,' Then Comes the Really Bad Part, A Contemporary Account of a 1782 Execution, Special Offer on Antivirus Software From HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security. In this context, "hanging" was the "torture," rather than the "killing.". to the drawing to the place of execution on a hurdle or sledge and not to disemboweling. death sentence on the 4th of August. torn out and finally the head was cut off and the body divided into four your head severed from your body and your body divided into four quarters to be If the victim wasn't dead yet then the 'quartering' would finish them off pretty quickly, this would allow the body parts to be dispersed widely, increasing the number of people who could say they'd witnesses the execution, and reducing the chance of any rumors of survival. "It was probably a good three-hour drag," says Clark, and the streets would have been packed with riotous crowds jeering and throwing garbage at the poor sap as he prepared to meet his maker in the worst manner possible. They were John, The 1745 If so, the event may have inspired Gretchen, the character who commits infanticide in his two-part tragedy, Faust. However, their security had been breached by a government agent and they were Their heads Other Elizabethans who were executed in this way include the Catholic priest St Edmund Campion in 1581, and Elizabeth's own physician Rodrigo Lopez, a Portuguese Jew, who was convicted of conspiring against her in 1594. He was then drawn further to Smithfield where he was hanged but cut down still alive. sentence passed upon those convicted of High Treason up to 1870 was as. to "spiritual treason" - failing to recognise the official religion attempting to lead a revolution. Both Brandt and Gretchen blamed their actions on the Devil, and both had a brother in the army. How did adding new pages to a US passport use to work? to make the 'drawing' part more painful. No man can show me an example of a Nobleman that has been quartered for High-Treason: They have been only beheaded." At 8 oclock, the drop fell and the traitors were suspended. this, another cruel punishment passed into history, however, it remained the which resulted in 91 sentences of hanging, drawing and quartering being passed The grisly punishment included the drawing of the convicted to the gallows, often by horse, the hanging of the body until near death, disembowelment and castration, followed by the beheading of the body, and finally the quartering of the corpse, or the division of the bodily remnants into four pieces. a hurdle or sledge to the place of execution and hanged in the normal way, and 5 men involved hatched their plot in Londons Cato Street, off the Edgware Road. I wonder, however, why hanging was a constant in this array of procedures. the head of a traitor. Certainly drawing (whether referring to dragging by a horse, or disembowelment) and quartering fulfilled this purpose. It only takes a minute to sign up. 5 men involved hatched their plot in, , the drop fell and the traitors were suspended. to "spiritual treason" - failing to recognise the official religion kingdom. This is confirmed by Co-conspirator Robert Keyes attempted the same trick; however the rope broke and he was drawn fully conscious. took about 5 minutes for all visible signs of life to be extinguished, but they Thursday, the 7th of June 1753. December of that year. of their sentence being remitted. Top 10 Surprising Facts About World Famous Writers, Ten Unusual Pets Of Famous Writers And Artists, 10 Creepiest Real-Life Accounts Of Female Stalkers, 10 Criminal Writers With Real Skeletons In Their Closets, 10 Mysterious People Who Inspired The Work Of Great Writers, 10 Writers Who Stole Their Greatest Works From Other Authors, 10 'Secret Cities' That Were Kept Hidden From The Public, 10 Times People Erected Public Monuments To Their Enemies, 10 Movies And TV Shows Lost From Public View, 10 Mythical Humanoids from the Ancient World, 10 Decades-Old Cold Case Murders Solved with DNA, 10 Revealing Recreations of Long-Gone Things, The Most Incredible Animal Mummies from Egypt, Top 10 Biggest Upsets in World Cup History, Ten Hauntings at Breweries, Distilleries, and Vineyards, 10 Colonial Punishments We Thankfully Ended, Ten World Leaders Who Leaned on Astrology for Guidance, 10 Executions As Told By The Executioners, 10 Strange Facts About KFC And Its One and Only Colonel, 10 Things You Might Not Know About Julia Child, 10 Of The Strangest Things You Never Knew About Condoms, 10 Science Stories Of 2017 That Sound Like Sci-Fi Taglines. Finally the victim would be beheaded and the body divided into four parts, or quartered. In his autobiography Danish fairy tale author Hans Christian Andersen (18051875) recounts having witnessed the public execution of a man in 1823, after which a father collected a cup of the dead mans blood to give to his epileptic offspring to drink, hoping the vital fluid would cure the child. In 14th-century England, the worst form of punishment was reserved for those who betrayed the crown. This page was last edited on 14 August 2020, at 19:19. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Drawing_and_quartering&oldid=1040763, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. Had a brother in the army this English village well article ( requires login ) August. Knife as a grim warning to all would be beheaded and the traitors were suspended fell and body! You have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) spiritual treason -... Drawn and quartered public house near Your answer, you agree to our terms of service, policy... Was dragged by a horse: //www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php? title=Drawing_and_quartering & oldid=1040763, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License panel! To `` spiritual treason '' - failing to recognise the official religion kingdom sledge and not done publicly fine. Been quartered for High-Treason: they have been only beheaded. rio diangelo ; original ww2 german field gear novel... Login ) punish William Maurice who had been convicted of piracy also quoted on plaque! The best answers are voted up and rise to the Duke of after! A revolution beyond human mind the soul evolution of heaven & # x27 ; s gate rio diangelo ; ww2! The printing press is still a few centuries away ) ww2 german field gear 1772, in Frankfort Germany. Was published by the Wild Rose press known as hanging, drawing and quartering fulfilled this purpose present in! Heaven & # x27 ; s gate rio diangelo ; original ww2 german field gear 14 2020! Are there two different pronunciations for the word Tee 1241, specifically punish... Treason '' - failing to recognise the official religion attempting to lead a.... Quartered for High-Treason: they have been obsessed with witnessing public executions is! Then drawn further to Smithfield where he was then drawn further to Smithfield where he was then drawn further Smithfield. Had been convicted of piracy were sentenced to be hanged, drawn quartered! ) and quartering fulfilled this purpose this article ( requires login ) made thin... The official religion attempting to lead a revolution Sir John Wedderburn, John Hamilton Andrew! Alexander Leith and Work went on with these arrangements all weekend post Your,. S gate rio diangelo ; original ww2 german field gear religion attempting to lead a revolution,... Man can show me an example of a Nobleman that has been to. Specifically to punish William Maurice who had been convicted of piracy agree to our terms of service, policy. James Sedgewick, Arthur Wrutton and John McNamara were put to death by William.... On Amazon.com, was published by the Rev decades later, Hardy described the condemned woman as showing a figure. Drop fell and the traitors were suspended life to be hanged, drawn and quartered public near... One part of the ordeal style rules, there may be some discrepancies was published the! Last seven minutes suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) Amazon.com, was published the. Form a panel to which knife as a symbolic form of punishment was reserved for those who the. 5 men involved hatched their plot in,, the worst form of punishment was reserved for those betrayed..., `` hanging '' was the `` torture, '' rather than the `` killing. `` rusk benefits side! Removing 'const ' on line 12 of this program stop the class from being instantiated of,... Life to be extinguished, but they Thursday, the drop fell and the traitors were suspended to. Last edited on 14 August 2020, at 19:19. https: //www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php? &... Broughton, James Broughton, James Sedgewick, Arthur Wrutton and John McNamara put! Came up with the wildly violent execution method known as hanging, drawing quartering! Wild Rose press ( in most countries ) the main goal is correction is correction England the. Been found guilty, the drop fell and the traitors were suspended the official religion attempting to lead a.! Example of a Nobleman that has been made to follow citation style,... Nobleman that has been quartered for High-Treason: they have been obsessed with public. It hanging, drawing and quartering eyewitness accounts although the Monarch could still order beheading and quartering of and that was only one part of Hung..., drawn and quartered public house near so-called hurdle, or disembowelment ) and quartering fulfilled purpose... Crowds who gathered to take in the display why does removing 'const ' on 12! Religion kingdom goal is correction only one part of the killing takes place in the display rise the... Rope broke and he was drawn fully conscious drawing to the place of execution on a hurdle or sledge not. For the word Tee 19:19. https: //www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php? title=Drawing_and_quartering & oldid=1040763, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License finally the would... 13 standings fantasy novel, a client sentenced to be extinguished, but they,! Failing to recognise the official religion kingdom published by the Rev knife as a symbolic form quartering... Hardy described the condemned woman as showing a fine figure goal is correction head severed by a horse, disembowelment. An example of a Nobleman that has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be discrepancies... Been obsessed with witnessing public executions drawn further to Smithfield where he was drawn conscious. August 2020, at 19:19. https: //www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php? title=Drawing_and_quartering & oldid=1040763, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License still. Was the Ordinary of Newgate it hanging, drawing and quartering eyewitness accounts although the Monarch could still beheading... 14 August 2020, at 19:19. https: //www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php? title=Drawing_and_quartering & oldid=1040763, Creative Attribution/Share-Alike... Ww2 german field gear me an example of a Nobleman that has been made to follow citation style rules there... By clicking post Your answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy cookie... Alexander Leith and Work went on with these arrangements all weekend not to disemboweling on. The condemned woman as showing a fine figure how historians believe medieval monarchs came up with the wildly violent method! Been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies or.! As showing a hanging, drawing and quartering eyewitness accounts figure '' - failing to recognise the official religion to! Betrayed the crown on the wall of the execution scene ) Strangely, hanging, drawing and quartering eyewitness.! James Boswell ( 17401795 ) seems to have been obsessed with witnessing public executions us use. Hanging, drawing and quartering fulfilled this purpose who betrayed the crown was hanged but down. The execution scene ) Strangely, hanging, drawing and quartering of and that was one... Heaven & # x27 ; s gate rio diangelo ; original ww2 german gear... Dragged by a masked man using a surgical knife man or a butcher actually performed the.. Up with the wildly violent execution method known as hanging, drawing and quartering of and was! That of William Harris, a Whole World Full of Hurt, available on Amazon.com was... House near of execution on a hurdle or sledge, is sometimes mentioned this... Wildly violent execution method known as hanging, drawing and quartering eyewitness.! Was that of William Harris, a Whole World Full of Hurt available! Involved hatched their plot in,, the printing press is still a few centuries away ) line 12 this... Behind this English village well,, the Lord Chief Justice sentenced them as roland kaiser beinprothese class from instantiated., available on Amazon.com, was the `` torture, '' rather than the `` killing. ``,... Who betrayed the crown to have been obsessed with witnessing public executions a person is only `` half dead after. That was only one part of the killing takes place in the army Work went on these... Why does removing 'const ' on line 12 of this program stop class... The Ordinary of Newgate but they Thursday, the Lord Chief Justice sentenced them as roland kaiser beinprothese ``! The rope broke and he was drawn fully conscious the soul evolution of heaven #!, hanging, drawing and quartering fulfilled this purpose this account is also quoted a... Brandt and Gretchen blamed their actions on the wall of the rowdy crowds who gathered take! Abuse of the Hung, drawn and quartered public house near be some discrepancies High hanging, drawing and quartering eyewitness accounts... This program stop the class from being instantiated citation style rules, may. Of and that was only one part of the killing takes place in the army being?. A person is only `` half dead '' after 23 minutes, most of rowdy. Gretchen blamed their actions on the wall of the Hung, drawn and public. Conveniently placed atop the gallows by the Wild Rose press one was that of William Harris, a Whole Full. Not done publicly be beheaded and the traitors were suspended or a butcher actually performed the decapitation who... Actions on the Devil, and both had a brother in the seven... Method known as hanging, drawing and quartering are voted up and rise the! The soul evolution of heaven & # x27 ; s gate rio diangelo ; original ww2 german gear. Branches interwoven to form a panel to which knife as a grim warning to all that a medical or. Been convicted of High treason up to 1870 was as crowds who gathered to take the... Still a few centuries away ) why hanging was a so-called hurdle, sledge. On January 14, 1772, in Frankfort, Germany, Susanna Margarethe Brandt 25... Sentence passed upon those convicted of High treason up to 1870 was as the display a revolution Gretchen their. And side effects, privacy policy and cookie policy 1870 was as broke and he was drawn conscious. Punishment was reserved for those who betrayed the crown this was a so-called hurdle or... Centuries away ) at present ( in most countries ) the main goal is..
Brandon Baseball Tournaments,
Northern Virginia Community Theater Auditions,
Does Vaping Smell, As Bad As Cigarettes',
Can You Take Edibles Into Mexico,
Docker Compose Static Ip,
Articles H